Excretory System

Excretory system Excretion is the removal of waste products of metabolism from our body system. Contents †¢1 Excretory functions †¢2 Component organs o2. 1 Lungs o2. 2 Kidneys o2. 3 Ureter o2. 4 Urinary bladder o2. 5 Urethra o3 Urine formation4 Reasons For Excretion The excretory system removes metabolic and liquid toxic wastes as well as excess water from the organism, in the form of urine,sweat,urea or bile. This is important so as to help maintain balance within the organism and prevent damage to m the body.As your body performs the many functions that it needs in order to keep itself alive, it produces wastes. These wastes are chemicals that are toxic and that if left alone would seriously hurt or even kill you. For example, as your cells break down amino acids, they produce a dangerous toxin known as urea. The cells of your body excrete this urea into your blood Excretory organs Skin Skin is an excretory organ. The regulation of body temperature causes it to produce sw eat which contain urea surplus water, salts and other waste .Lungs One of the main functions of the lungs is to diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration Kidneys The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic (metabolic balance) functions such as:- 1. Maintain volume of extracellular fluid 2. Maintain ionic balance in the blood 3. Maintain pH concentration of the blood. 4. Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons inside the glomeruli. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney, these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste, the needed materials go back into the bloodstream, and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of. In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become a painful irritant that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra Urine formationWithin the kidney, blood first passes through the renal artery to the capillary formations called a glomerulus and is collected in the Bowman's capsule which filters the blood from its contents—primarily food and wastes. After the filtration process, the blood then returns to collect the food nutrients it needs, while the wastes pass into the collecting duct, to the renal pelvis, and to the ureter, and are then secreted out of the body via the urinary bladder. What is a kidney stone? A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract.Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine (hematuria) and often severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin. Kidney stones are sometimes called renal calculi. The condition of having kidney stones is termed nephrolithiasis. Having stones a t any location in the urinary tract is referred to as urolithiasis, and the term ureterolithiasis is used to refer to stones located in the ureters. The Human Skin 19. 3 Skin and Lungs as Accessory Excretory Organs In addition to the urinary system, the skin, lungs and liver of vertebrates are accessory excretory organs. 1) Skin: Human skin possesses glands for secreting two fluids on its surface, namely sweat from the sweat glands and sebum from sebaceous glands. (Fig. 19. 7). Sweat is a watery fluid containing in solution primarily contains sodium-chloride, urea,and excess water . Figure 19. 7 Vertical Section of the Skin Sebum is a wax-like secretion which helps to excrete some lipids such as waxes, sterols, other hydrocarbons and fatty acids on the skin. (B) Lungs: Lungs which are the main respiratory organs of vertebrates, help to eliminate the entire volume of carbon dioxide produced in the body, as well as some moisture, during expiration.The lungs maintain the blood-gas home ostasis through elimination of carbon dioxide. When lungs fail to eliminate enough carbon dioxide, the kidneys attempt to compensate. They change some of the carbon dioxide into sodium bicarbonate, which becomes part of the blood buffer system. SUMMARY (1) Excretion is the removal of nitrogenous waste products from the body. (2) Kidneys are the most important excretory organs of mammals. Through filtration, reabsorption and active transport, waste is remove, but kidneys conserve substances useful to the organisms. 4) In general, kidneys regulate the intake and the outflow of water and salts in the blood and help to maintain homeostasis. (5) Regulation of kidney function is achieved by certain hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone and angiotensin. (6) Skin and lungs also act as accessory excretory organs. Nitrogenous Waste †¢The liver also works by breaking down nitrogenous waste. Your different metabolic processes in your body are important to keep you alive, but t hey also create waste in the form of nitrogen.The body must then transport the nitrogen waste out of your body. Your liver converts the nitrogenous waste into urea, which is then transported out of the body when you urinate. Bile †¢Once toxins have been converted, the liver deposits the deactivated toxins into the bile. The liver excretes bile as a digestive aid for harder to digest fats, as well as a way to transport toxins out of the body. The bile is then stored in the gallbladder till needed. Once it is needed, it moves the duodenum and helps with the digestion and excretory process.

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Assignment 2 - Essay Example Additionally, it also raises issue of ethical concerns whereby, people are entertained by watching their fellow human beings destroy themselves with excessive steroids. Natural bodybuilding is one of the hardest and challenging sports since it requires discipline, endurance, rigorous training, and eating well. However, due to competition, many people use steroids to increase muscle build up. Specifically, steroids increase the level of testosterone, a male sex hormone, which is responsible for masculinity (FitnessHealthZone web). An increased level of testosterone accelerates muscle growth and increased growth of body structure. Due to the increased competition in body building sports, the players are allowed to use steroids to enhance their body muscle. However, use of steroids demands high levels of discipline in terms of dosage and training. Otherwise, the users will have to bear the consequences of misuse of steroids (BodyBuilding.com web). One of the primary consequences of misuse of steroids among body builders is irregular natural production of testosterone hormone in the body. This in turn causes reduced sex performance, cardiovascular complications, enlarged heart, aggression, hypertension among others (FitnessHealthZone web). As much as we are happy cheering and celebrating our favorite bodybuilding sportsmen, we should pause for a moment and picture what actually happens inside their bodies. For instance, is it possible for body builders to lead a normal life after their career as body builders? Whereas most of the other sports such as football and basketball depend on natural talent and personal hard work, the modern bodybuilding man has to go beyond what is natural and use heavy doses of steroids. The most saddening issue about bodybuilding is the fact that bodybuilding primarily encourages heavy usage of steroids instead of nurturing natural talent. In this game, heavy and large muscle

Marks and Spencer Financial Statements Coursework

Marks and Spencer Financial Statements - Coursework Example Many of the private companies in the UK use International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) conceptual framework for financial reporting (Holland, 1998) and address issues regarding fair value accounting in terms of the 8 phases, out of which four are active: the objective and qualitative characteristics, elements and recognition, measurement, and reporting entity. The conceptual framework itself provides guidance on which measurement bases to be used or outcomes to be obtained through the measurements decisions. The measurements of the different segments are aimed at fair value to meet the qualitative characteristics of the framework. As IFRS includes fair value measurements required by the United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK GAAP) (Ballard, 2010, p 704), it is obvious that the different identifiable components (Connolly, 2012) like pension and other associated costs and liabilities of M&S are according to fair value measurement that meets the qualitative characteristics of the framework (Ballard, 2010, p 703). Also, according to the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the objective of fair value measurement is â€Å"to provide guidance for selecting measurement bases that satisfy the objectives and qualitative characteristics of financial reporting† (FASB, 2009b, p2; Ballard, 2010, p 703). The qualitative characteristics aid financial reporting in the selection of a measurement method which the company has attained through identifying its employees as their valuable asset and also having certain policies and schemes like the pension scheme and work, health and safety schemes as part of its sustainability drive (M&S How We Do Business, 2011). Further, identifiable segments are reportable or operating segments of the company that have reported revenue of more than 10% of the combined revenue of both internal and external revenue of all other segments. Also, if the profit or loss of a particular segment, like employee remuneration or employee benefits, including pension benefits, is greater than profit or loss of all operating segments combined or the assets are worth more than 10% of all combined operating segment assets, then the segment is said to be reportable (Connolly, 2012, p2). This means that M&S has the option of not including the employee remuneration benefits or pension liabilities and costs in the financial report. Measurement is defined in the IASB’s framework as â€Å"the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of financial statements are to be recognized and carried in the balance sheet and income statement† (IASB, 2001, p 99; Ballard, 2010, p 706). M&S has recognized the measurements relating to employee remuneration, costs, and benefits in its financial statement in 2011 (Appendix 1 & 2). Many of the financial reporting institutes have recognized that there exists ambiguity in standard s attained in financial reporting. There are limitations in financial reporting and public information disclosure as it is common practice with companies to practice mandatory and voluntary public and private disclosure of information that is targeted at specific stakeholders of the business (Holland, 1998).

The Legalization of Marijuana Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Legalization of Marijuana - Term Paper Example The legalization of marijuana Statement of the problem Marijuana is a plant through which the dried leaves can be smoked or used as an ingredient in food from which an altered state of mental perception, or a ‘high’, can be obtained. The drug has similar effects to alcohol with less danger of violence or risky behaviors due to the imposed paranoia that it creates. Over half of all arrests for drug use are for marijuana. In 2009, 1,663,582 people were arrested for drugs, with 858,408 for marijuana possession. In comparison, only 99,815 were arrested for trafficking of marijuana. The DEA’s Administrators Judge, Francis Young concluded: â€Å"In strict medical term, marijuana is safer than many foods we commonly consume† (Get the Facts, 2011). And yet, in terms of social currency, marijuana presents a danger to freedom and to financial health through the possibility of incarceration for having made the choice to use it. In addition, the use of marijuana has a far less damaging result to one’s reputation than does an arrest, conviction, and/or incarceration. One of the reasons that marijuana should not be illegal is because of the morality that it represents in the way in which a society should administer justice. Socrates defined justice as a state in which one took care of one’s own business and did not interfere in the business of others (Gardner, 2005, p. 126). Negative morality, a concept of Asian philosophy, suggests that morality should be found through stillness, though not committing an act that might cause another harm. The act of smoking pot is not specifically intrusive into another’s rights. The family of one might object, just as they might object to the use of alcohol, cigarettes, or even over consumption of food, but their rights are not violated by someone who chooses to use those vices and they are only affected if they choose to be affected by that use. However, criminalization of the use of marijua na interferes with the reputation of the user whose life and future may or may not include its future use, but will retain a public history of it if incarcerated.  

Manhattan (New york)'s Urban space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manhattan (New york)'s Urban space - Essay Example Manhattan is considered as a regional leader where education, entertainment, communication and health care is concerned and in addition serves a three county population of about 200,000 people in the surrounding areas. Other amenities that Manhattan can boast of are both private and public educational centres and numerous universities that cater to a mixture of diverse cultures. The famous Kansas State University which was established in 1863 was the first successful land - grant university system that was established in the United States. This famous university houses eight colleges that represent 60 different departments of various specialized subjects. Manhattan boasts of beautiful scenic public parks, and zoos like the American zoo and the Sunset zoo. It is also quite famous for various sports facilities which include stunning golf courses. In addition to these, Manhattan is well known for its exceptional trail system that is indispensable to both bikers and walkers and which is also easily accessible to disabled people. Te trail is nine miles long and circles around half of the community. Manhattan City is committed to development and progress and continues in its quest to achieve it. Its municipal planning of the city is not only progressive but works with a vision and forward thinking. Since the 1980’s, one of the most significant developments that took place was the construction of a 300,000 square foot shopping mall situated in downtown Manhattan. The past decade has seen the construction of a new airport terminal called the â€Å"Manhattan Regional Airport.† The city has also seen the construction of the Northeast Community Park and it has now undertaken a major project initiative of downtown redevelopment in order to enhance the Town center Hall north and south of Manhattan. Geographically speaking, the character of Manhattan was largely shaped by its Geographical outlay. It’s strategic location dominates the New York Harbor and hence it emerges as

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Political Science - Essay Example The state has constitutional power of regulating prices through price floor and ceilings to protect the firms and the consumers (Tanzi 92-7). The government plays a central role in regulating the production and supply of goods services by firms in their different market structure with the focus of ensuring efficient allocation of resources. Taking the case of monopoly firms, the government gives them incentives through different methods to retain their status quo. However, the government still uses pricing policy to influence the monopoly firms’ behavior in terms of output to the consumers. The state set up various institutions that oversee the various economic activities in the country so that working of the economy is consistent with the manpower and resources potential available. Through improved partnership with private sector, the state undertake research and development on various socio-economic variables and the resultant findings are used to establish feasible economic policies that boosts the efficiency of the economy. This includes partnering to develop infrastructure which is an incentive to improved per formance of the market and economy at large. The state is mandated to form bilateral and multilateral trade relations with other countries so that there is labor mobility, exchange of technology and other input factors. This promotes the performance of the economy through increased input factor availability and expanded market for the final products. It is important that the country institute laws that protect local firms from stiff competition of the established multinationals by giving them incentives likes tax holiday, subsidies and infrastructure as this will boost the level of production and performance of the economy. The state needs to include other public welfare issues as part of the market operation processes. In regard to the emerging and ongoing debate on environmental care and

Improving Management Essay Example for Free

Improving Management Essay It has been established that Company Q is a small grocery chain that has recently decided to close two of their stores in heavily populated areas due to profit loss and high crime statistics. The necessity to close two stores is a significant economic failure for both the community and the stake holders involved in the franchise. Company Q has demonstrated that improvements need to be made to restore their reputation within the community and gain the confidence it needs to succeed among the share holders of the company. Since Company Q has closed these two stores, the loss of employment by members of the community has been recognized along with the need for citizens to travel further outside of the community for groceries. This takes tax revenue away from the city and has also resulted in two vacant buildings. In a community already plagued with crime, this adds to the potential of additional crime. In order to salvage Company Q’s reputation with the community and restore trust with the shareholders, significant changes will need to be made. Based on the closure of two stores, the social responsibility that Company Q exudes is very poor and concerted effort will need to be displayed in order to prove they are a socially responsible company. Part B For several years, customers of Company Q have requested that Company Q offer a more health conscience and organic variety of foods. Due to the recent closure of two stores, it is noted that there are now funds available to provide this request at the remaining open franchises. Company Q recognizes that in order to regain the customer’s trust, they need to be accommodating to the desires and needs of their customers. The first recommendation is to continue to provide the healthier, organic food varieties being requested. This action recognizes the customer’s desires and validates that Company Q is listening and wants to be accommodating.  Money that is no longer being utilized to manage the two stores that are closed can now be allocated to the high margin items at the stores that remain open. Company Q has been asked by the local food bank to donate day-old products instead of throwing it away. Company Q has denied this request citing worries about fraud and possibilities of employees stealing and stating that they were actually donating it. Our first recommendation is to rescind this policy and work with your local food bank to be able to obtain this otherwise wasted food. The reputation with the community is already fragile after the closure of two nearby stores. In order to build trust with the community and the shareholders of Company Q, simply providing the requested healthier, organic food will not be enough. Extra effort being demonstrated by Company Q will need to be recognized. The next recommendation would be to create an Action Committee within each of Company Q’s open stores. This Action Committee will work together to create a system that  monitors the amount of high margin items being purchased from the distributor and then being sold to the customer. The products that can be donated to the local food bank will be recorded. These records will be maintained by the Action Committee and preferably a member of the managerial staff. The donated product can be considered a tax write off at year end. Since there is a committee monitoring what is coming in and what is being donated out, it will help minimize the potential of fraud or possible theft by employees. This Action Committee can then determine which products are being sold on a consistent basis and which products are being donated. The purchasing of high margin items from the distributors can be adjusted so that more popular items are being sold and fewer items are being donated. This action will demonstrate to the community that Company Q cares about the citizens and they want to be an active part of the community. It also can instill trust with Company Q’s employees that they are not the reason the business wasn’t donating to the local food bank, and that they believe their employees are trusting and have integrity. A final recommendation would be for Company Q to establish their own volunteer program consisting of members of management. If additional employees of Company Q desire to be part of the volunteer committee, it is completely on a volunteer basis. This volunteer team will periodically represent Company Q at local events. They can volunteer time at the food bank, local homeless shelters, charitable events and so forth. The team can organize events to paint over graffiti in the part of town where they previously closed two of their stores. The presence of Company Q in the community can help restore trust that was lost when two stores were closed and the community suffered. The stockholders in Company Q will also see a significant change in the community’s perspective of their company. Based on these three recommendations, we believe that Company Q will exemplify the social responsibility expected by a company this size and that has such a presence in this populated community. Upon request, additional recommendations can be made to ensure Company Q sustains and improves upon its reputation with the public.