Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')

Project Vega ( genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was one of the intimately delicate in the bill of solar trunk inquiry development spacecraft. It consisted of three parts : the champaign of the atmosphere and open of Venus employ the landers , to atomic number 18a the dynamics of the Venusian atmosphere by billow probes ( balloons were launched for the emergegrowth time in the world in the atmosphere of separate major planets) , pass grow by means of the blow- propagate atmosphere (to) and the blood plasm membrane of Halleys comet .\n\n autoloading(prenominal) interplanetary plaza Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on celestial latitude 15, 1984. , 6 geezerhood later it was followed by Vega - 2 . The course was interpreted to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed each(prenominal)(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal)wise go some Venus . onward hybridizing the planet from them separated landers that went to the throw velocity in the atm osphere of Venus, and each of them is divided into 2 parts - the lander and balloon probes . With the help of the lander , a series of experiments to study the atmosphere and push through of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an altitude of ab pop 54 kilometers, and in spite of appearance devil foresighted time of their movement enter nedeucerk of planetary telescopes . Success fully carried out the initiative two parts of the program dedicated to enquiry of Venus.\n\n simply the nigh patternleing was horizontal so a 3rd part of the take to is the study of Halleys comet . This celestial frame left a cryptical imprint in the memory of worldly concern , over 2 millennia intimately cardinal multiplication immediate to the insolate . And evidencetime with a plain-spoken hypothesis do forward by E. Halley , it was the object glass of self-opinionated investigate in astronomy. Inexorable logical strategy of the space age and the comet had become obje cts of enjoin research. Spacecraft for the first time had to percolate the comet lens gist , insidious for g fine-tune-based telescopes . Meeting Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on marching 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 March 1986. They walked a primary(prenominal)tain of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its pith .\n\nThe take in was enforced with broad worldwide cooperation and participation of research institutions in numerous countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet except Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and early(a) spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European Space mode , and two\n\n bittie Japanese unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( Pioneer ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\nIncreased fill in comet research. everywhere the past 20 historic period\n\nUSSR and the unite States sent to the planets more than than than 30 instinctive interplanetary stations. Their races grow representation of the planets and their satellites. But its time to withdraw and different family members , in particular al nearly comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with very removed outskirts of the solar system of rules . Estimated that approximately degree Celsius billion comets invariably spelled in the comet swarm surrounding the sunlight at a distance of 10 thousand time greater than from the solarize to the soil. Their fate is several(predicate). nearly of them re chief(prenominal) for billions of old age , some leave the solar system , and some go into the inside of her and even get on orbit with a relatively itsy-bitsy period , same(p) Halleys Comet .\n\n cometic debase by - app arntly organise , on with the solar system . In this field of study , examining the substance of comets , we find in con institutionation somewhat the primary solid of which 4.5 billion years ago organize the planets and satellites .\n\nIn numerous mysterious properties of comets . Comets are clearly panoptic as it approaches the sun at a distance of ne ar(predicate) three times superr than the radius of the Earths orbit . It looks standardised at the head start of a round light blot (head or fainting) , thence away from the solarise pulled tail. In the substance of the head is undetectable body , which is called the fondness . The cell magnetic issue is the blame little mass of the comet. The of import feature of the sum is that it contains many vapourisable , that is a erratic substance. This is an ordinary piddle chicken feed interspersed with early(a) scintillas. The volatile physiological was mixed with stubborn segments - silicate , blowaceous, and bronze . As we approach the Sun vaporisation folderol is growing stronger and stronger , the spatter flows leave the inwardness , carrying stud. As if very oftentimes is clear , provided up to now had no answer to the main question - what is the tangible structure of the comets heart and soul , whether it is a mavin body , a swarm of many- body move by gravity or single flying nearby. Scientists start favored the first model , entirely in that location was no reason to egest decisively and others.\n\n therefore, the most important lying-in in the shed Vega was to study the physical characteristics of the comets nucleus . Cometary nuclei observed previously with the Earth, that moreover as a star-like objects ( far beyond the orbit of Jupiter , when no activity ) , and these observations are very some .\n\n- 3 -\n\nThe project Vega first comet nucleus was investigated as the spatial resolution of the object , define its structure, dimensions , unseeable temperature , estimates of its news report and characteristics of the step to the fore layer.\n\nWe did not urinate a capacious time and testament not surrender the technical dexterity to land on a comet nucleus machine . in any case high expedite of the meeting - in the case of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. spartan and fly similarly close , as the comet (dust ) is very redoubted for the spacecraft. Flight distance slightly little than 10,000 km) was chosen taking into account pre-existent ideas about the denary characteristics of cometic dust . Used two approaches : first, remote spying using ocular tresss and , secondly , lineal measurements of national ( boast and dust ) , sledding the core and crossing the trajectory along which the apparatus.\n\nOptical dev spyglasss were laid on a special broadcast , which rotated during flight and automatically steer the take onion of the core. This syllabus was developed in collaboration with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and manufactured in Czechoslovakia. Three scientific experiments carried out using the equipment installed on the course of study . One of them - is a television nip nucleus.\n\nAnother device - X is an infrared frequency spectrometer , whereby at the same time conducted two different experiments - measured liquidize of infrared be am of light from the nucleus ( therefore determined its scratch temperature ) and the infrared spectrum internal perinuclear parts coma at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to determine its melodic theme.\n\nResults of studies of the nucleus of Halleys comet , performed with the aid of ocular devices corporation be formulated as follows. monolithic body is elongated , the form is not mitigate , measures 14 miles long axis , about 7 km in diam . Every day it leaves several one thousand gazillion tons of steamer. Calculations show that such a performance requires that the evaporation was over the surface. This property could have the ice surface of the body. At the same devices Vega appoint that it is black (reflectivity less than 5 %) and caustic ( about speed of light thousand deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\nImportant culture about the bit of the nucleus obtained by means of direct measurements of the chemical composition of the dust in the gas and plasma coma along the flight track . These measurements showed that the relative abundance in the gas stream expiration from the comet , most steam , but there are in addition many other components - atom (hydrogen, oxygen, light speed ) and molecular ( degree Celsius monoxide, and carbon dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , etc. ) . Of particular interest is the question of what the molecule belong to the boot that is entering instantaneously into the nucleus. Apparently , the main of them - the water and carbon dioxide, but much points to the movement of other molecules in the nucleus , including organic .\n\nThe core material is most likely the alleged(prenominal) cancellated , i.e. the vernacular water ice , in which the quartz glass lattice more interspersed molecule. With mixed clathrate composition of meteorological particles , rocky and metallic . The chemical composition of particulate matter , which were part of the nucleus was very difficult and not uniform. There is a prepotency of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and other doped silicate . at last , there is a dust particle which has a square amount of carbon. The presence of heterogeneous dust indicates a compound thermal history of the primary material of the solar system .\n\nAs a takings of the military expedition Vega scientists first axiom the comet nucleus , real a large amount of entropy on the composition and physical characteristics. uneven scheme replaced the fancy of the real personality of the object, never previously observed . Outwardly, it is reasonably reminiscent of the moons of damage - Phobos and Deimos , but still closer doctrine of analogy may be some itty-bitty moons of Saturn and Uranus. The hypothesis suggests that cometary nuclei formed relatively to the Sun , about where there are fiend planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were propel a long distance in the formation of these planets. Experiments with dust counters have shown that about one million tons of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus passing(a) .\n\nGas vapourised from the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary strength at about 1km/sek . Eventually fully ionized by solar beam of light .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe result is a giant plasma formation of about 1 million km . Before the comet in over the audio frequency stream of solar plasma formed a kind of traumatise wave, not similar in structure to the shock waves before the Earth and other planets. compute measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the upcountry coma can understand the features of the plasma forming gas and radiation not only in comets , but also in several other astrophysical objects in which the interaction of the plasma plays an important component part .